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How do China, the United States and Europe account for accidental eccentricity in seismic design?

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  Regulations and Methods for Considering Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Seismic Design in China, the United States and Europe 1. Regulatory Basis ● China The Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) stipulates that accidental eccentricity must account for uncertainties in structural mass distribution, stiffness distribution, and spatial variations in seismic motion. Torsional effects shall be calculated using either static or dynamic methods. ● United States ASCE 7-22 (American Society of Civil Engineers Standard) requires consideration of accidental torsional effects, typically calculated using static methods, with verification through dynamic analysis results. ● Europe Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004) simulates the misalignment between mass centres and stiffness centres by introducing accidental eccentricity, and mandates consideration of the effects of bidirectional seismic actions . 2. Definition and Values of Random Eccentricity ● China Eccentricity: ±5% of the ...
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What are the performance characteristics of the various core materials of colour steel composite panels?

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 Introduction to the performance of various core materials of colour steel composite panels



(1) Foam board

From the optional polystyrene (EPS) particles as raw materials, shape like fertilizer particles, pre-foaming by heating, into a white pearl-like larger particles, and then heated in the mold and pressed into shape and made with micro-fine closed-cell structure of the foam plastic sheet.

(2) Polyurethane High energy-saving performance

Excellent fireproof and thermal insulation properties of the material, used to do composite panels of polyurethane capacity of 30 kg - 40 kg in general

(3) Rock wool board

It is made of basalt as the main raw material, melted at high temperature and then made into inorganic fibres by high-speed centrifugal equipment, while evenly adding a certain proportion of adhesive baked into a large board, cut into rock wool strips according to production needs, rock wool is a non-combustible body with good fire performance.

(4) Glass wool

It is a light, heat-resistant, elastic and otherwise thermal insulation material, widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, factories, heavy industrial machinery and equipment, construction, vehicles and ships, aerospace, and is an ideal material for heat breaking, fire prevention and sound absorption.

(5) Flame retardant paper honeycomb board

For the national B1 level fireproof material, has the advantages of good flame retardancy, good compressive strength, only carbonization not burning, no toxic substances, waste can be completely recycled, etc., is the ideal substitute for polystyrene, polyurethane, rock wool and other core materials.

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Suspension structures

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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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