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How do China, the United States and Europe account for accidental eccentricity in seismic design?

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  Regulations and Methods for Considering Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Seismic Design in China, the United States and Europe 1. Regulatory Basis ● China The Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) stipulates that accidental eccentricity must account for uncertainties in structural mass distribution, stiffness distribution, and spatial variations in seismic motion. Torsional effects shall be calculated using either static or dynamic methods. ● United States ASCE 7-22 (American Society of Civil Engineers Standard) requires consideration of accidental torsional effects, typically calculated using static methods, with verification through dynamic analysis results. ● Europe Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004) simulates the misalignment between mass centres and stiffness centres by introducing accidental eccentricity, and mandates consideration of the effects of bidirectional seismic actions . 2. Definition and Values of Random Eccentricity ● China Eccentricity: ±5% of the ...
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Steel Structure Welding Technology

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 Steel Structure Welding Technology

Steel structure welding technology is the process of joining two or more metallic parts by heating and melting the surfaces to create a fusion between them. The welding process is widely used in the construction of steel structures such as bridges, buildings, and other infrastructure projects.

 

Steel Structure Welding Technology

Welding Techniques for Steel Structures

There are several welding techniques that are commonly used in the construction of steel structures. These techniques include:

 

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

Shielded metal arc welding, also known as stick welding, is a manual welding process that uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to create an electric arc between the electrode and the workpiece. The heat generated by the arc melts the workpiece and the electrode, creating a molten pool that cools to form a weld.

 

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

Gas metal arc welding, also known as MIG welding, is a semi-automatic welding process that uses a wire electrode and an inert gas, such as argon or helium, to shield the weld from atmospheric contamination. The wire is fed through a welding gun and melted by an electric arc, creating a molten pool that cools to form a weld.

 

Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)

Flux-cored arc welding is a semi-automatic welding process that uses a tubular wire electrode with a flux core to shield the weld from atmospheric contamination. The wire is fed through a welding gun and melted by an electric arc, creating a molten pool that cools to form a weld.

 

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)

Gas tungsten arc welding, also known as TIG welding, is a manual welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode and an inert gas, such as argon or helium, to shield the weld from atmospheric contamination. The heat generated by the electric arc melts the workpiece, creating a molten pool that cools to form a weld.

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What is a coal bunker?

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Suspension structures

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 A suspension structure is a structural form that carries roof loads through a series of high-strength steel cables. Its main load-bearing member is the cables, which are usually steel cables made of high-strength steel wires. The roof of the suspension structure is generally light and thin, and its shape can be very flexible, able to realize the large span across. For example, in the roofs of some large conference centers or exhibition halls, the suspension structure can create unique shapes such as double-curved paraboloid or single-curved paraboloid, which make the building have a strong artistic influence. Suspension structures require a stable support structure to anchor the steel cables, usually using reinforced concrete columns or steel columns as support. And in order to ensure the stability of the structure, it is also necessary to set a certain amount of prestressing, so that the steel cables are in a tensioned state before they are subjected to loads. Scope of applicatio...
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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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  The differences between single-layer reticulated shells and double-layer reticulated shells are as follows: Structural Configuration   Single-layer reticulated shell: Composed of a single layer of members, with the members directly connected to form a grid structure . The node configuration is relatively simple, typically employing rigid connections that allow the members to bear not only axial forces but also bending moments and shear forces.   Double-layer reticulated shell: Consists of upper and lower parallel layers of members connected by web members, forming a truss-like structural system. The nodes are generally hinged, and the members primarily bear axial forces. Its configuration is relatively complex, requiring more members and nodes to ensure structural stability and load-bearing capacity. Structure Single-layer mesh shell: composed of one layer of rods, the rods are directly connected to form a mesh structure, the node structure is relatively simple, usually...
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