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How do China, the United States and Europe account for accidental eccentricity in seismic design?

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  Regulations and Methods for Considering Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Seismic Design in China, the United States and Europe 1. Regulatory Basis ● China The Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) stipulates that accidental eccentricity must account for uncertainties in structural mass distribution, stiffness distribution, and spatial variations in seismic motion. Torsional effects shall be calculated using either static or dynamic methods. ● United States ASCE 7-22 (American Society of Civil Engineers Standard) requires consideration of accidental torsional effects, typically calculated using static methods, with verification through dynamic analysis results. ● Europe Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004) simulates the misalignment between mass centres and stiffness centres by introducing accidental eccentricity, and mandates consideration of the effects of bidirectional seismic actions . 2. Definition and Values of Random Eccentricity ● China Eccentricity: ±5% of the ...
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Application of steel space frames in gymnasiums

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 Steel space frame has a wide range of applications in gymnasiums. Due to its high strength, light weight and good stability, steel structure has become one of the commonly used materials in gymnasium construction. The following are the application aspects of steel structure in gymnasium:

 

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Large-span design: The strength and stability of steel structures enable them to support large-span roof structures, allowing for open space inside the stadium, while reducing the need for internal support columns and improving the view of the audience.

Flexibility and customizability: The steel structure can be customized to meet design needs and can be adapted to different shapes and sizes of stadiums. This allows architects to realize more creativity and flexibility in their designs.

Rapid construction: Steel structures can be fabricated and erected faster compared to traditional concrete structures. This helps to shorten the construction cycle, especially important for stadium projects that need to be opened as soon as possible.

Seismic performance: Steel structures typically perform well in the event of an earthquake. Their high strength and flexibility allow them to effectively absorb and disperse the energy generated by an earthquake, protecting the stadium's facilities and people.

Sustainability: Steel structures can be recycled to reduce waste of resources. It can also be used to install renewable energy facilities such as solar panels, increasing the sustainability of the stadium.

Space Utilization Efficiency: Steel structures can help maximize the use of space by reducing the number of internal columns, thus providing larger auditoriums and playing fields.

Modern design: Steel structures can support modern and innovative architectural designs, making stadiums landmark buildings in cities and attracting more spectators and users. 

Overall, the application of steel structure allows stadiums to realize the advantages of larger spatial spans, faster construction speeds, and better seismic performance, thus providing a reliable structural foundation for stadiums, as well as greater design freedom for designers.

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What is a coal bunker?

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Coal bunker , is a structure used for storing coal. Coal bunkers play an important role in thermal power plants, coal mines and coal marshalling stations. Depending on the specific application scenario and design, there are various types of coal bunkers, such as circular coal bunkers, square coal bunkers and open coal yards. Safety Management of coal bunkers Preventing spontaneous combustion of coal: Since coal itself contains certain moisture and volatile substances, long-term exposure to the air may lead to spontaneous combustion, so the safe management of coal bunkers is of great significance in preventing spontaneous combustion of coal. Ensure the quality of coal: coal in the coal bunker usually needs to be stored for a long time, if not managed properly, it may lead to the decline in the quality of coal, such as sulphurisation, weathering and other phenomena, so it is necessary to ensure the quality of coal by strengthening the safety management of the coal bunker. Improve the eco...
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Suspension structures

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 A suspension structure is a structural form that carries roof loads through a series of high-strength steel cables. Its main load-bearing member is the cables, which are usually steel cables made of high-strength steel wires. The roof of the suspension structure is generally light and thin, and its shape can be very flexible, able to realize the large span across. For example, in the roofs of some large conference centers or exhibition halls, the suspension structure can create unique shapes such as double-curved paraboloid or single-curved paraboloid, which make the building have a strong artistic influence. Suspension structures require a stable support structure to anchor the steel cables, usually using reinforced concrete columns or steel columns as support. And in order to ensure the stability of the structure, it is also necessary to set a certain amount of prestressing, so that the steel cables are in a tensioned state before they are subjected to loads. Scope of applicatio...
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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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  The differences between single-layer reticulated shells and double-layer reticulated shells are as follows: Structural Configuration   Single-layer reticulated shell: Composed of a single layer of members, with the members directly connected to form a grid structure . The node configuration is relatively simple, typically employing rigid connections that allow the members to bear not only axial forces but also bending moments and shear forces.   Double-layer reticulated shell: Consists of upper and lower parallel layers of members connected by web members, forming a truss-like structural system. The nodes are generally hinged, and the members primarily bear axial forces. Its configuration is relatively complex, requiring more members and nodes to ensure structural stability and load-bearing capacity. Structure Single-layer mesh shell: composed of one layer of rods, the rods are directly connected to form a mesh structure, the node structure is relatively simple, usually...
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