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How do China, the United States and Europe account for accidental eccentricity in seismic design?

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  Regulations and Methods for Considering Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Seismic Design in China, the United States and Europe 1. Regulatory Basis ● China The Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) stipulates that accidental eccentricity must account for uncertainties in structural mass distribution, stiffness distribution, and spatial variations in seismic motion. Torsional effects shall be calculated using either static or dynamic methods. ● United States ASCE 7-22 (American Society of Civil Engineers Standard) requires consideration of accidental torsional effects, typically calculated using static methods, with verification through dynamic analysis results. ● Europe Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004) simulates the misalignment between mass centres and stiffness centres by introducing accidental eccentricity, and mandates consideration of the effects of bidirectional seismic actions . 2. Definition and Values of Random Eccentricity ● China Eccentricity: ±5% of the ...

Application of steel space frames in gymnasiums

 Steel space frame has a wide range of applications in gymnasiums. Due to its high strength, light weight and good stability, steel structure has become one of the commonly used materials in gymnasium construction. The following are the application aspects of steel structure in gymnasium:

 

gymnaiums

Large-span design: The strength and stability of steel structures enable them to support large-span roof structures, allowing for open space inside the stadium, while reducing the need for internal support columns and improving the view of the audience.

Flexibility and customizability: The steel structure can be customized to meet design needs and can be adapted to different shapes and sizes of stadiums. This allows architects to realize more creativity and flexibility in their designs.

Rapid construction: Steel structures can be fabricated and erected faster compared to traditional concrete structures. This helps to shorten the construction cycle, especially important for stadium projects that need to be opened as soon as possible.

Seismic performance: Steel structures typically perform well in the event of an earthquake. Their high strength and flexibility allow them to effectively absorb and disperse the energy generated by an earthquake, protecting the stadium's facilities and people.

Sustainability: Steel structures can be recycled to reduce waste of resources. It can also be used to install renewable energy facilities such as solar panels, increasing the sustainability of the stadium.

Space Utilization Efficiency: Steel structures can help maximize the use of space by reducing the number of internal columns, thus providing larger auditoriums and playing fields.

Modern design: Steel structures can support modern and innovative architectural designs, making stadiums landmark buildings in cities and attracting more spectators and users. 

Overall, the application of steel structure allows stadiums to realize the advantages of larger spatial spans, faster construction speeds, and better seismic performance, thus providing a reliable structural foundation for stadiums, as well as greater design freedom for designers.

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