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How do China, the United States and Europe account for accidental eccentricity in seismic design?

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  Regulations and Methods for Considering Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Seismic Design in China, the United States and Europe 1. Regulatory Basis ● China The Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) stipulates that accidental eccentricity must account for uncertainties in structural mass distribution, stiffness distribution, and spatial variations in seismic motion. Torsional effects shall be calculated using either static or dynamic methods. ● United States ASCE 7-22 (American Society of Civil Engineers Standard) requires consideration of accidental torsional effects, typically calculated using static methods, with verification through dynamic analysis results. ● Europe Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004) simulates the misalignment between mass centres and stiffness centres by introducing accidental eccentricity, and mandates consideration of the effects of bidirectional seismic actions . 2. Definition and Values of Random Eccentricity ● China Eccentricity: ±5% of the ...
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The economic benefits of steel structures

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 "A new building system can open up industry lines between construction, metallurgy, machinery and equipment manufacturing, new building materials and disaster prevention and mitigation industries, become a national strategic resource reserve, and integrate and innovate to become a strategic emerging industry. Steel structure housing is conducive to economic transformation and upgrading and sustainable development, and needs to be accelerated to cultivate and develop." This is the steel structure building system that was generally favored by the industry a few years ago.

The steel structure housing general system is used for civil housing and has unique advantages, including:First, light self-weight. Steel structure residential can reduce the building weight by about 30%25%, which is favorable for the construction of high-rise buildings, especially in places with low geological bearing capacity and high seismic intensity, and its comprehensive economic benefits are better than the general residential building system. Secondly, the layout is flexible, with large openings and rich room types, which can increase the floor area by 3%25% to 5%25%. Due to its full flexibility, modifiability and safety, it is conducive to meeting the living needs of modern people. Thirdly, it is easier to realize industrialization, stereotyping and mass production and improve the labor week structure.

Steel for steel structure is facing the new challenge of the rapid development of China's steel structure industry, and the increasing amount of steel used in steel structure has also accelerated the production and research and development of steel for steel structure. However, compared with developed countries, there are still many gaps:.



The proportion of high-performance steel used in steel structure needs to be improved. In addition to the advantages of light weight, high strength, excellent material properties, high industrialization of production and installation, suitable dismantling, good durability, etc., construction steel structure also has the characteristics of saving resources, reducing carbon emission and recycling. Therefore, the steel used in steel structure also needs to be light weight, high strength and corrosion resistant. However, at present, some steel structure projects are still "bulky, heavy, big" defects, need to use high-grade structural steel to change the status quo. For example, carbon structural steel (Q235) can be replaced by low alloy high strength structural steel, carbon structural steel can save 10% of the span.

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What is a coal bunker?

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Coal bunker , is a structure used for storing coal. Coal bunkers play an important role in thermal power plants, coal mines and coal marshalling stations. Depending on the specific application scenario and design, there are various types of coal bunkers, such as circular coal bunkers, square coal bunkers and open coal yards. Safety Management of coal bunkers Preventing spontaneous combustion of coal: Since coal itself contains certain moisture and volatile substances, long-term exposure to the air may lead to spontaneous combustion, so the safe management of coal bunkers is of great significance in preventing spontaneous combustion of coal. Ensure the quality of coal: coal in the coal bunker usually needs to be stored for a long time, if not managed properly, it may lead to the decline in the quality of coal, such as sulphurisation, weathering and other phenomena, so it is necessary to ensure the quality of coal by strengthening the safety management of the coal bunker. Improve the eco...
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Suspension structures

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 A suspension structure is a structural form that carries roof loads through a series of high-strength steel cables. Its main load-bearing member is the cables, which are usually steel cables made of high-strength steel wires. The roof of the suspension structure is generally light and thin, and its shape can be very flexible, able to realize the large span across. For example, in the roofs of some large conference centers or exhibition halls, the suspension structure can create unique shapes such as double-curved paraboloid or single-curved paraboloid, which make the building have a strong artistic influence. Suspension structures require a stable support structure to anchor the steel cables, usually using reinforced concrete columns or steel columns as support. And in order to ensure the stability of the structure, it is also necessary to set a certain amount of prestressing, so that the steel cables are in a tensioned state before they are subjected to loads. Scope of applicatio...
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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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  The differences between single-layer reticulated shells and double-layer reticulated shells are as follows: Structural Configuration   Single-layer reticulated shell: Composed of a single layer of members, with the members directly connected to form a grid structure . The node configuration is relatively simple, typically employing rigid connections that allow the members to bear not only axial forces but also bending moments and shear forces.   Double-layer reticulated shell: Consists of upper and lower parallel layers of members connected by web members, forming a truss-like structural system. The nodes are generally hinged, and the members primarily bear axial forces. Its configuration is relatively complex, requiring more members and nodes to ensure structural stability and load-bearing capacity. Structure Single-layer mesh shell: composed of one layer of rods, the rods are directly connected to form a mesh structure, the node structure is relatively simple, usually...
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