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What is a shear key in steel structures?

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 In steel structure engineering , the column base connection serves as the pivotal interface linking the superstructure to the concrete foundation below. It must safely and reliably transmit various loads from the upper structure: vertical pressure , uplift forces , bending moments , and horizontal shear forces . When horizontal shear forces become substantial, the friction alone between the column base plate and the concrete foundation surface proves insufficient to resist them. At this juncture, a critical small component becomes indispensable—the shear key . Shear keys, as the name suggests, are structural steel connection components specifically designed to resist and transmit horizontal shear forces. Essentially, they are short steel members. Installation location: Typically welded or anchored to the base plate of a steel column (or other load-bearing components such as equipment supports ), with its lower end embedded in the concrete foundation or concrete structure cast ...
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What are the options for building a mosque for 5,000 people in Saudi Arabia?

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I. Design codes and loading requirements

💖1. Saudi Building Code (SBC 301) Core Parameters

Seismic design: according to Class II site category, seismic acceleration of 0.25g, seismic force calculation using the equivalent lateral force method, the main structure displacement angle limit of 1/200.

Wind load: basic wind pressure is 0.75kN/m² (100-year return period), equivalent wind pressure is 1.2kN/m² after considering height coefficient, local wind suction coefficient is 1.5.

Snow load: reference to the historical data of Mecca area, the additional roof load is calculated as 0.5kN/m².

💖2. Functional space indicators

1.5000 people worship space needs main hall net area ≥3500m² (calculated at 0.7m²/person).

2.suggests a 45m x 80m rectangular plan, with a central dome 30m in diameter, flanked by wavy vaults.

II. Specialised disaster-resistant design 

    💖1. Wind-resistant design

1. Installation of deflector plate (angle 25°) in the gable to reduce vortex vibration.

        2. Experimentally verified by Xuzhou Sufang Wind Tunnel: the wind pressure                  coefficient is reduced by 37% when the wind angle is 45°.


💖2. Seismic construction

1. Adopt double lateral force-resisting system: central dome as rigid frame + peripheral arch as articulated support

2. Viscous dampers (damping coefficient C=2500kN-s/m) are set up at 1/4 of the span.

III.Recommended technology mix programmes

💖body structure:Single-layer mesh shell + space truss arch on both sides
هيكل الجسم: غلاف شبكي أحادي الطبقة + قوس دعامة فراغي على كلا الجانبين

💖protective structure:Aluminium-magnesium-manganese panels with vertical locking edges + photovoltaic
هيكل واقي: ألواح من الألومنيوم والمغنيسيوم والمنغنيز مع حواف قفل عمودية + خلايا كهروضوئية

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What is a coal bunker?

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Coal bunker , is a structure used for storing coal. Coal bunkers play an important role in thermal power plants, coal mines and coal marshalling stations. Depending on the specific application scenario and design, there are various types of coal bunkers, such as circular coal bunkers, square coal bunkers and open coal yards. Safety Management of coal bunkers Preventing spontaneous combustion of coal: Since coal itself contains certain moisture and volatile substances, long-term exposure to the air may lead to spontaneous combustion, so the safe management of coal bunkers is of great significance in preventing spontaneous combustion of coal. Ensure the quality of coal: coal in the coal bunker usually needs to be stored for a long time, if not managed properly, it may lead to the decline in the quality of coal, such as sulphurisation, weathering and other phenomena, so it is necessary to ensure the quality of coal by strengthening the safety management of the coal bunker. Improve the eco...
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Suspension structures

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 A suspension structure is a structural form that carries roof loads through a series of high-strength steel cables. Its main load-bearing member is the cables, which are usually steel cables made of high-strength steel wires. The roof of the suspension structure is generally light and thin, and its shape can be very flexible, able to realize the large span across. For example, in the roofs of some large conference centers or exhibition halls, the suspension structure can create unique shapes such as double-curved paraboloid or single-curved paraboloid, which make the building have a strong artistic influence. Suspension structures require a stable support structure to anchor the steel cables, usually using reinforced concrete columns or steel columns as support. And in order to ensure the stability of the structure, it is also necessary to set a certain amount of prestressing, so that the steel cables are in a tensioned state before they are subjected to loads. Scope of applicatio...
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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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  The differences between single-layer reticulated shells and double-layer reticulated shells are as follows: Structural Configuration   Single-layer reticulated shell: Composed of a single layer of members, with the members directly connected to form a grid structure . The node configuration is relatively simple, typically employing rigid connections that allow the members to bear not only axial forces but also bending moments and shear forces.   Double-layer reticulated shell: Consists of upper and lower parallel layers of members connected by web members, forming a truss-like structural system. The nodes are generally hinged, and the members primarily bear axial forces. Its configuration is relatively complex, requiring more members and nodes to ensure structural stability and load-bearing capacity. Structure Single-layer mesh shell: composed of one layer of rods, the rods are directly connected to form a mesh structure, the node structure is relatively simple, usually...
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