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What are the challenges in structural design for irregularly shaped buildings?

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The structural design of non-standard geometric buildings represents the most critical and challenging aspect of their realization. The difficulties extend far beyond merely “how to make it stand,” permeating the entire process from concept development and calculations through construction and use. Below are the primary challenges in the structural design of non-standard geometric buildings, presented in order from core to derivative issues: 1. Core Mechanical Challenge: Non-Standard Load Paths In traditional buildings (such as rectangular boxes), load transfer paths are clear and direct: floor slab → beam → column → foundation → ground. Forces are primarily transmitted vertically downward. In contrast, load paths in irregularly shaped structures are often highly complex and convoluted. Challenge: Forces do not obediently travel straight downward. They “detour” through curved surfaces, diagonal bracing, and irregular grids, generating massive torsional forces, bending moments, and hor...
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What are the options for building a mosque for 5,000 people in Saudi Arabia?

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I. Design codes and loading requirements

💖1. Saudi Building Code (SBC 301) Core Parameters

Seismic design: according to Class II site category, seismic acceleration of 0.25g, seismic force calculation using the equivalent lateral force method, the main structure displacement angle limit of 1/200.

Wind load: basic wind pressure is 0.75kN/m² (100-year return period), equivalent wind pressure is 1.2kN/m² after considering height coefficient, local wind suction coefficient is 1.5.

Snow load: reference to the historical data of Mecca area, the additional roof load is calculated as 0.5kN/m².

💖2. Functional space indicators

1.5000 people worship space needs main hall net area ≥3500m² (calculated at 0.7m²/person).

2.suggests a 45m x 80m rectangular plan, with a central dome 30m in diameter, flanked by wavy vaults.

II. Specialised disaster-resistant design 

    💖1. Wind-resistant design

1. Installation of deflector plate (angle 25°) in the gable to reduce vortex vibration.

        2. Experimentally verified by Xuzhou Sufang Wind Tunnel: the wind pressure                  coefficient is reduced by 37% when the wind angle is 45°.


💖2. Seismic construction

1. Adopt double lateral force-resisting system: central dome as rigid frame + peripheral arch as articulated support

2. Viscous dampers (damping coefficient C=2500kN-s/m) are set up at 1/4 of the span.

III.Recommended technology mix programmes

💖body structure:Single-layer mesh shell + space truss arch on both sides
هيكل الجسم: غلاف شبكي أحادي الطبقة + قوس دعامة فراغي على كلا الجانبين

💖protective structure:Aluminium-magnesium-manganese panels with vertical locking edges + photovoltaic
هيكل واقي: ألواح من الألومنيوم والمغنيسيوم والمنغنيز مع حواف قفل عمودية + خلايا كهروضوئية

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What is a coal bunker?

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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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Suspension structures

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 A suspension structure is a structural form that carries roof loads through a series of high-strength steel cables. Its main load-bearing member is the cables, which are usually steel cables made of high-strength steel wires. The roof of the suspension structure is generally light and thin, and its shape can be very flexible, able to realize the large span across. For example, in the roofs of some large conference centers or exhibition halls, the suspension structure can create unique shapes such as double-curved paraboloid or single-curved paraboloid, which make the building have a strong artistic influence. Suspension structures require a stable support structure to anchor the steel cables, usually using reinforced concrete columns or steel columns as support. And in order to ensure the stability of the structure, it is also necessary to set a certain amount of prestressing, so that the steel cables are in a tensioned state before they are subjected to loads. Scope of applicatio...
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