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What is a shear key in steel structures?

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 In steel structure engineering , the column base connection serves as the pivotal interface linking the superstructure to the concrete foundation below. It must safely and reliably transmit various loads from the upper structure: vertical pressure , uplift forces , bending moments , and horizontal shear forces . When horizontal shear forces become substantial, the friction alone between the column base plate and the concrete foundation surface proves insufficient to resist them. At this juncture, a critical small component becomes indispensable—the shear key . Shear keys, as the name suggests, are structural steel connection components specifically designed to resist and transmit horizontal shear forces. Essentially, they are short steel members. Installation location: Typically welded or anchored to the base plate of a steel column (or other load-bearing components such as equipment supports ), with its lower end embedded in the concrete foundation or concrete structure cast ...

What are the different types of glass wool?

 

glass wool

Glass wool is a popular insulation material made from recycled glass fibers. It is available in different types and forms, each designed for specific applications. 

Here are the different types of glass wool:

  • Unfaced Glass Wool: This type of glass wool does not have a facing material on either side and is typically used in areas where it will not be exposed to the elements.
  • Faced Glass Wool: This type of glass wool has a facing material on one or both sides, typically made from kraft paper, foil, or a combination of both. Faced glass wool provides additional moisture resistance and improves thermal performance.
  • Semi-rigid Glass Wool: This type of glass wool is denser and stiffer than traditional glass wool and is used in areas that require additional structural support, such as roofs and walls.
  • Board Glass Wool: This type of glass wool is produced in board form and is used primarily for thermal and acoustic insulation of flat surfaces such as walls, roofs, and ceilings.
  • Pipe Glass Wool: This type of glass wool is used to insulate pipes and other cylindrical surfaces to prevent heat loss and condensation.
  • Loose-fill Glass Wool: This type of glass wool is used in attics and other areas with irregular surfaces. It is typically blown into the space using a machine, providing a seamless and effective insulation solution.

Overall, the different types of glass wool offer various benefits and can be used in different applications depending on the specific insulation needs.

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