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How do China, the United States and Europe account for accidental eccentricity in seismic design?

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  Regulations and Methods for Considering Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Seismic Design in China, the United States and Europe 1. Regulatory Basis ● China The Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) stipulates that accidental eccentricity must account for uncertainties in structural mass distribution, stiffness distribution, and spatial variations in seismic motion. Torsional effects shall be calculated using either static or dynamic methods. ● United States ASCE 7-22 (American Society of Civil Engineers Standard) requires consideration of accidental torsional effects, typically calculated using static methods, with verification through dynamic analysis results. ● Europe Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004) simulates the misalignment between mass centres and stiffness centres by introducing accidental eccentricity, and mandates consideration of the effects of bidirectional seismic actions . 2. Definition and Values of Random Eccentricity ● China Eccentricity: ±5% of the ...
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What are the national standards for steel materials?

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There are different national standards for steel materials around the world, and the specific standards depend on the country and the intended use of the steel. Some examples of national standards for steel materials are:

  • ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards: These are widely used in the United States and cover a wide range of steel products, including structural steel, carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel.
  • EN (European Norm) standards: These are developed by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and cover various types of steel products, including structural steel, stainless steel, and high-strength steel.
  • JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) standards: These are developed by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee and cover various types of steel products, including carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and tool steel.
  • GB (Chinese National Standards) standards: These are developed by the Standardization Administration of China (SAC) and cover various types of steel products, including carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel.
  • ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards: These are developed by the ISO and cover various types of steel products, including structural steel, stainless steel, and high-strength steel.

These national standards specify the requirements for the chemical composition, mechanical properties, manufacturing methods, and testing procedures of the steel materials. The standards ensure that the steel materials meet certain quality and safety requirements and facilitate international trade by providing a common language for steel products.

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What is a coal bunker?

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Suspension structures

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 A suspension structure is a structural form that carries roof loads through a series of high-strength steel cables. Its main load-bearing member is the cables, which are usually steel cables made of high-strength steel wires. The roof of the suspension structure is generally light and thin, and its shape can be very flexible, able to realize the large span across. For example, in the roofs of some large conference centers or exhibition halls, the suspension structure can create unique shapes such as double-curved paraboloid or single-curved paraboloid, which make the building have a strong artistic influence. Suspension structures require a stable support structure to anchor the steel cables, usually using reinforced concrete columns or steel columns as support. And in order to ensure the stability of the structure, it is also necessary to set a certain amount of prestressing, so that the steel cables are in a tensioned state before they are subjected to loads. Scope of applicatio...
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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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  The differences between single-layer reticulated shells and double-layer reticulated shells are as follows: Structural Configuration   Single-layer reticulated shell: Composed of a single layer of members, with the members directly connected to form a grid structure . The node configuration is relatively simple, typically employing rigid connections that allow the members to bear not only axial forces but also bending moments and shear forces.   Double-layer reticulated shell: Consists of upper and lower parallel layers of members connected by web members, forming a truss-like structural system. The nodes are generally hinged, and the members primarily bear axial forces. Its configuration is relatively complex, requiring more members and nodes to ensure structural stability and load-bearing capacity. Structure Single-layer mesh shell: composed of one layer of rods, the rods are directly connected to form a mesh structure, the node structure is relatively simple, usually...
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