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How do China, the United States and Europe account for accidental eccentricity in seismic design?

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  Regulations and Methods for Considering Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Seismic Design in China, the United States and Europe 1. Regulatory Basis ● China The Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB 50011-2010) stipulates that accidental eccentricity must account for uncertainties in structural mass distribution, stiffness distribution, and spatial variations in seismic motion. Torsional effects shall be calculated using either static or dynamic methods. ● United States ASCE 7-22 (American Society of Civil Engineers Standard) requires consideration of accidental torsional effects, typically calculated using static methods, with verification through dynamic analysis results. ● Europe Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-1:2004) simulates the misalignment between mass centres and stiffness centres by introducing accidental eccentricity, and mandates consideration of the effects of bidirectional seismic actions . 2. Definition and Values of Random Eccentricity ● China Eccentricity: ±5% of the ...
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What are the advantages of LOW-E?

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LOW-E glass has the following advantages:

LOW-E


1. good thermal insulation performance: LOW-E glass can effectively reduce the heat exchange between indoor and outdoor, reduce the energy consumption of indoor air conditioning and heating, and improve the energy efficiency of the building.

2. good shading performance: LOW-E glass can effectively block the transmission of ultraviolet rays and visible light, reduce indoor solar heat and provide a more comfortable indoor environment.

3. Reduces heat loss in winter: LOW-E glass can reflect indoor heat and prevent heat transfer to the outside, reducing energy consumption for heating in winter.

4. Provide good thermal insulation performance: the insulation layer of LOW-E glass can reduce the condensation on the glass surface, increase the temperature of the indoor glass surface, and reduce the thermal bridge effect.

5. Reduce indoor noise: Due to the high sealing performance of LOW-E glass, it can effectively block the transmission of outdoor noise and provide a quieter indoor environment.

6. Protection of indoor furniture: LOW-E glass can filter out the transmission of ultraviolet rays, reducing the damage of ultraviolet rays on indoor items such as furniture, flooring and curtains.

In short, LOW-E glass has good thermal insulation, shading and heat preservation properties, which can improve the energy efficiency and indoor comfort of the building, while protecting indoor items from damage caused by UV rays.

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Suspension structures

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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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