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What is a shear key in steel structures?

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 In steel structure engineering , the column base connection serves as the pivotal interface linking the superstructure to the concrete foundation below. It must safely and reliably transmit various loads from the upper structure: vertical pressure , uplift forces , bending moments , and horizontal shear forces . When horizontal shear forces become substantial, the friction alone between the column base plate and the concrete foundation surface proves insufficient to resist them. At this juncture, a critical small component becomes indispensable—the shear key . Shear keys, as the name suggests, are structural steel connection components specifically designed to resist and transmit horizontal shear forces. Essentially, they are short steel members. Installation location: Typically welded or anchored to the base plate of a steel column (or other load-bearing components such as equipment supports ), with its lower end embedded in the concrete foundation or concrete structure cast ...
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What are the characteristics of a three-layer space frame?

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 What are the characteristics of a three-layer space frame?


a three-layer space frame


The triple mesh frame is made up of Top Chord Member, Middle Chord Member and Bottom Cord Member,the upper Web Member and lower web Member are a spatial structure.
When the span of the space frame is large, the amount of steel used for a three-tier frame is the amount of steel used is less than that of a two-layer frame. 
However, due to the increased number of nodes and bars However, the number of nodes and rods has increased, especially the number of rods connected to the mid-level nodes, making the construction complicated and the cost increased. The cost has increased.

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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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