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What is a shear key in steel structures?

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 In steel structure engineering , the column base connection serves as the pivotal interface linking the superstructure to the concrete foundation below. It must safely and reliably transmit various loads from the upper structure: vertical pressure , uplift forces , bending moments , and horizontal shear forces . When horizontal shear forces become substantial, the friction alone between the column base plate and the concrete foundation surface proves insufficient to resist them. At this juncture, a critical small component becomes indispensable—the shear key . Shear keys, as the name suggests, are structural steel connection components specifically designed to resist and transmit horizontal shear forces. Essentially, they are short steel members. Installation location: Typically welded or anchored to the base plate of a steel column (or other load-bearing components such as equipment supports ), with its lower end embedded in the concrete foundation or concrete structure cast ...
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What are the requirements when choosing the glass for a dome?

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 The glass of the dome needs to consider a number of aspects of the selection of requirements to ensure that it meets the safety, functionality, aesthetics and energy efficiency of the building. The following is a detailed analysis of the requirements for the selection of glass for domes:

dome

1. Safety requirements


Strength and Impact Resistance: Dome glass must have high strength and impact resistance to resist external impacts such as wind, rain, snow, hail and possible accidental impact. Tempered and laminated glass are common choices because of their high strength and better load resistance.
Blast resistance: For locations that require a high level of security, such as public places or buildings near earthquake zones, glass with blast resistance, such as laminated glass, should be used. Even when impacted by external forces, laminated glass can remain intact, avoiding the scattering of fragments, thus safeguarding the safety of people inside the building.

2.functional requirements
Light transmittance: the main function of the dome glass is to provide natural lighting, so it should be selected with good light transmittance of glass materials. Ordinary transparent glass and tempered glass have high light transmittance and can meet this demand.
Heat preservation and insulation performance: In order to reduce energy consumption and improve the energy-saving nature of the building, glass with good heat preservation and insulation performance should be used, such as LOW-E glass or insulating glass. These glasses can effectively control the effects of solar radiation, infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiation and reduce the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor.
Acoustic performance: for places that require high acoustic performance, such as concert halls, theaters, etc., should be used with acoustic function of the glass, such as laminated glass or insulating glass.


3.aesthetic requirements
Appearance effect: the appearance effect of the dome glass is crucial for the overall aesthetics of the building. Colorless and transparent glass or glass with uniform color should be used to ensure the neatness and beauty of the building appearance.
Shape and size: According to the specific shape and size of the dome, choose appropriate glass materials and processing methods. For example, for curved domes, it is necessary to use glass materials that can be bent and processed, and to ensure that the size of the processed glass matches the shape of the dome.
Maintenance and cleaning: Dome glass is exposed to the outdoor environment for a long time, and is prone to pollution and dust accumulation. Therefore, when selecting glass materials, the convenience of its maintenance and cleaning should be considered. For example, choose easy-to-clean glass surface treatment technology or choose glass materials with self-cleaning function.

In summary, the selection of dome glass requires comprehensive consideration of safety, functionality, aesthetics and many other factors. Through reasonable selection and design, it can ensure that the dome glass meets the needs of the building at the same time, improve the overall performance and quality of the building.


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What is the difference between a single-layer reticulated shell and a double-layerreticulated shell?

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